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Many previous literatures reviewed the effect of chemistry and hyperconjugation of the strained three-membered ring. Thus, the hybridized orbitals of the carbon atoms are more similar to the trigonal planar sp 2 orbitals. 114 Although the chemical compositions of the carbon and oxygen within the ring are sp 3-hybridized and should have characteristic 109.5° tetrahedral structures, the formation of the three-membered ring compresses the internal angles of the epoxy ring to nearly 60°. The epoxy ring itself is a heterocyclic three-membered planar ring. Synthesis of epichlorohydrin from glycerol, a by-product of transesterification from vegetable oil, from Solvay Epicerol™ process. These agents are also probable carcinogens, primary irritants and systemically toxic ( Causton, 1981), and therefore should be handled with care. Occupational exposure to epoxy resins is a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis ( Kanerva et al., 1989 Jolanki et al., 1990). When prepared, the resin is best delivered through a non-reactive plastic syringe or pipette.
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Thorough mixing of the components is absolutely essential. The simplest approach is to weigh the components into a disposable paper or plastic cup as unused resin can be polymerized and discarded in the container. Correspondingly, it is critical to measure components (either by volume or weight) carefully. Manufacturers generally provide a standard formulation, however the hardness and flexibility of the polymerized block can be manipulated by varying the amount of the individual components. As well as their properties of uniform polymerization and low shrinkage (usually less than 2%), epoxy resins also preserve tissue ultrastructure, are stable in the electron beam, section easily and are readily available.Įpoxy resins usually comprise four ingredients: the monomeric resin, a hardener, an accelerator and a plasticizer. During polymerization, epoxy resins form cross-links, creating a three-dimensional polymer of great mechanical strength. Although the original product names Araldite and Epon refer to epoxy resins developed by the CIBA Chemical Company and Shell Chemical Company respectively, these terms are now in general use. The main types are Araldite ( Glauert & Glauert, 1958), Epon ( Luft, 1961) and Spurr’s resin ( Spurr, 1969). Stirling, in Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques (Eighth Edition), 2019 Epoxy resinsĮpoxy resins have been the embedding medium of choice in TEM since their introduction in the mid-1950s ( Glauert et al., 1956).